Climate changes and trends in phenology of Cassia fistula L. in Agra (India)—1965-2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37555/2707-3114.16.2020.219808Keywords:
average annual temperature, flush of leaves, golden shower, Legumes (Fabaceae), phenological phases, the timing of phenological events.Abstract
Aim. The phenological observations help in identifying how plant species respond to regional climatic changes in particular such as ambient temperature. The study of trends in phenology of Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae) to climate changes in Agra (India) was the aim of the researches. Methods. The data on the average annual temperature in India and Agra were collected for 1965 to 2019 from the Meteorological Department. Commencement of leaf fall, time of new flush of leaves, flowering period (initiation, full bloom, and end) and the rest of phenophases in trees planted at Raja Balwant Singh College (Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India) were recorded from 25 marked trees during 1965–2019. Results. In C. fistula trees leaf fall started in the second and third week of February. Trees became completely leaf-less at the beginning of March. Flowering commenced in the first week of March, and the trees were in full bloom during the second week of March. Flowering continued till the beginning of May, and it was over in the second week of June. Fruiting commenced in December and continued till April. The timing of phenological events was consistent in 1965–2000. However, after 2001, there was a gradual shift recorded, and the shift was evident in 2009–2019. During the period 1965–2008, the average annual temperature ranged between 23.23º–25.13ºC there was a liner increase in the temperature. The increase in average yearly temperature became more pronounced in 2009, and this trend is rising in temperature continued till 2019. In Agra in 2009–2019, temperature increase by 0.75–1.0ºC had been recorded. The shift of phenoevents in C. fistula is correlated with the rise in annual average temperature. Conclusions. The shift in the timing of various phenoevents is the trees of C. fistula at Agra (India) are influenced by the change in the climate and rise in temperature. It is suggested that a phenological model should be developed to estimate the impact of climate change on fruit trees, horticultural plants and crops development in different regions of India.
References
Ahas, R., Jaagus, J., & Aasa, A. (2000). The phenological calendar of Estonia and its correlation with mean air temperature. International Journal of Biometeorology, 44(4), 159–166.
Anonymous (2013). Statistics Related to Climate Change–India. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Central Statistics Office, Social Statistics Division, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1–280.
Anonymous (2019). Annual report. India Meteorological Department. Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1–166.
Beaubien, E. G., & Freeland, H. J. (2000). Spring phenology trends in Alberta, Canada: links to ocean temperature. International Journal of Biometeorology, 44(2), 53–59.
Both, C., Artemyev, A. V., Blaauw, B., Cowie, R. J., Dekhuijzen, A. J., Eeva, T., ... & Visser, M. E. (2004). Large–scale geographical variation confirms that climate change causes birds to lay earlier. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 271(1549), 1657–1662.
Chmielewski, F. M., & Rötzer, T. (2001). Response of tree phenology to climate change across Europe. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 108(2), 101–112.
Chmielewski, F. M., Müller, A., & Bruns, E. (2004). Climate changes and trends in pheno-logy of fruit trees and field crops in Germany, 1961–2000. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 121(1–2), 69–78.
Duraipandiyan, V., Baskar, A. A., Ignacimuthu, S., Muthukumar, C., & Al-Harbi, N. A. (2012). Anticancer activity of Rhein isolated from Cassia fistula L. flower. Asian Pacific journal of tropical disease, 2, S517–S523.
Kramer, K., Leinonen, I., & Loustau, D. (2000). The importance of phenology for the evaluation of impact of climate change on growth of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests ecosystems: an overview. International Journal of Biometeorology, 44(2), 67–75.
Kumar, K. A., Satish, S., Sayeed, I., & Hedge, K. (2017). Therapeutic Uses of Cassia fistula: Review. International Journal of Pharma and Chemical Research, 3(1), 38–43.
Milošević, D., Žiberna, I., & Savić, S. (2013). Analysis of the climate change in Slovenia: Changes in plant development under the influence of meteorological parameters in the period 1961–2011 (Part II). Bulletin of the Serbian geographical society, 93(2). DOI: 10.2298/GSGD1302001M.
Misra, P. (2020). Carbon Neutral Agra: How do we make it happen? Why on Earth. Environment. YKA Media Pvt Ltd.10th June, 2020.
Murali, K. S. (1993). Differential reproductive success in Cassia fistula in different habitants — A case of pollinator limitations? Current Science (Bangalore), 65(3), 270–272.
Oteros, J., García-Mozo, H., Botey, R., Mestre, A., & Galán, C. (2015). Variations in cereal crop phenology in Spain over the last twenty-six years (1986–2012). Climatic Change, 130(4), 545–558. DOI 10.1007/s10584-015-1363-9.
Parmesan, C., & Yohe, G. (2003). A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421(6918), 37–42.
Pole, S. (2012). Aragvadha. Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional Practice. Singing Dragon. Part 2. 129.
Root, T. L., Price, J. T., Hall, K. R., Schneider, S. H., Rosenzweig, C., & Pounds, J. A. (2003). Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature, 421(6918), 57–60.
Schwartz, M. D. (1999). Advancing to full bloom: planning phenological research for the 21st century. International Journal of Biometeorology, 42(3), 113–118.
Sparkes, T. H., Carey, P. D., & Coombes, J. (1997). First leafing dates of trees in Surrey between 1947 and 1996. London Naturalist, 76, 15–20.
Vaidya, B. D. (2002). Materia Medica of Ayurveda. India: B. Jain. Retrieved, November 10, 2012. P. 41–42. URL: https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=i-IU3D6Cl3sC&pg=PA41&dq=purga tive+ aragvadha&redir_esc=y&hl=uk#v=onepage&q&f=true.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Shyam Vir Singh Chauhan, Seema Chauhan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.
Responsibility for technical content and for protection of proprietary material rests solely with the author(s) and their organizations and is not the responsibility of the publisher, journal or its Editorial Staff.
The main author is responsible for ensuring that the article has been seen and approved by all the other authors.
It is the responsibility of the author to obtain all necessary copyright release permissions for the use of any copyrighted materials in the manuscript prior to the submission.
